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Confidently unit test your Next.js API routes/handlers in an isolated Next.js-like environment

Package Exports

  • next-test-api-route-handler
  • next-test-api-route-handler/package
  • next-test-api-route-handler/package.json

Readme

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next-test-api-route-handler

Trying to unit test your Next.js API route handlers? Want to avoid mucking around with custom servers and writing boring test infra just to get some unit tests working? Want your handlers to receive actual NextApiRequest and NextApiResponse objects rather than having to hack something together with express? Then look no further! 🤩

next-test-api-route-handler (NTARH) uses Next.js's internal API resolver to precisely emulate API route handling. To guarantee stability, this package is automatically tested against each release of Next.js. Go forth and test confidently!

Install

If you don't have Next.js available, ensure it is installed as it is a required peer dependency:

npm install --save-dev next@latest

Install NTARH:

npm install --save-dev next-test-api-route-handler
[additional details]

Note: you probably don't need to read through this! This information is primarily useful for those attempting to bundle this package or for people who have an opinion on ESM versus CJS.

This is a dual CJS2/ES module package. That means this package exposes both CJS2 and ESM entry points.

Loading this package via require(...) will cause Node and Webpack to use the CJS2 bundle entry point, disable tree shaking in Webpack 4, and lead to larger bundles in Webpack 5. Alternatively, loading this package via import { ... } from ... or import(...) will cause Node to use the ESM entry point in versions that support it, as will Webpack. Using the import syntax is the modern, preferred choice.

For backwards compatibility with Webpack 4 (compat with Webpack 4 is not guaranteed!) and Node versions < 14, package.json retains the module key, which points to the ESM entry point, and the main key, which points to the CJS2 entry point explicitly (using the .js file extension). For Webpack 5 and Node versions >= 14, package.json includes the exports key, which points to both entry points explicitly.

Though package.json includes { "type": "commonjs"}, note that the ESM entry points are ES module (.mjs) files. package.json also includes the sideEffects key, which is false for optimal tree shaking, and the types key, which points to a TypeScript declarations file.

Additionally, this package does not maintain shared state and so does not exhibit the dual package hazard.

Legacy Next.js Support

As of version 2.1.0, NTARH is fully backwards compatible with Next.js going allll the way back to next@9.0.0 when API routes were first introduced!

If you're working with next@<9.0.6 (so: before next-server was merged into next), you might need to install next-server manually:

npm install --save-dev next-server

Usage

// ESM
import { testApiHandler } from 'next-test-api-route-handler';
// CJS
const { testApiHandler } = require('next-test-api-route-handler');

Quick start:

/* File: test/unit.test.ts */

import { testApiHandler } from 'next-test-api-route-handler';
// Import the handler under test from the pages/api directory
import endpoint, { config } from '../pages/api/your-endpoint';
import type { PageConfig } from 'next';

// Respect the Next.js config object if it's exported
const handler: typeof endpoint & { config?: PageConfig } = endpoint;
handler.config = config;

await testApiHandler({
  handler,
  requestPatcher: (req) => (req.headers = { key: process.env.SPECIAL_TOKEN }),
  test: async ({ fetch }) => {
    const res = await fetch({ method: 'POST', body: 'data' });
    console.log(await res.json()); // ◄ outputs: "{hello: 'world'}"
  }
});

// NTARH also supports typed response data via TypeScript generics:
await testApiHandler<{ hello: string }>({
  // The next line would cause TypeScript to complain:
  // handler: (_, res) => res.status(200).send({ hello: false }),
  handler: (_, res) => res.status(200).send({ hello: 'world' }),
  requestPatcher: (req) => (req.headers = { key: process.env.SPECIAL_TOKEN }),
  test: async ({ fetch }) => {
    const res = await fetch({ method: 'POST', body: 'data' });
    // The next line would cause TypeScript to complain:
    // const { goodbye } = await res.json();
    const { hello } = await res.json();
    console.log(hello); // ◄ outputs: "world"
  }
});

The interface for testApiHandler without generics looks like this:

async function testApiHandler({
  requestPatcher,
  responsePatcher,
  paramsPatcher,
  params,
  url,
  handler,
  test
}: {
  requestPatcher?: (req: IncomingMessage) => void;
  responsePatcher?: (res: ServerResponse) => void;
  paramsPatcher?: (params: Record<string, unknown>) => void;
  params?: Record<string, unknown>;
  url?: string;
  handler: (req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) => Promise<void>;
  test: ({
    fetch: (init?: RequestInit) => ReturnType<typeof fetch>;
  }) => Promise<void>;
});

🚩 requestPatcher is a function that receives an IncomingMessage. Use this function to modify the request before it's injected into Next.js's resolver. To just set the request url, e.g. requestPatcher: (req) => (req.url = '/my-url?some=query'), use the url shorthand, e.g. url: '/my-url?some=query'.

More often than not, manually setting the request url is unnecessary. Only set the url if your handler expects it or you want to use automatic query string parsing instead of params/paramsPatcher.

🚩 responsePatcher is a function that receives a ServerResponse. Use this function to modify the response before it's injected into Next.js's resolver.

🚩 paramsPatcher is a function that receives an object representing "processed" dynamic routes, e.g. testing a handler that expects /api/user/:id requires paramPatcher: (params) => (params.id = 'test-id'). Route parameters can also be passed using the params shorthand, e.g. params: { id: 'test-id', ... }. If both paramsPatcher and the params shorthand are used, paramsPatcher will receive an object like { ...queryStringURLParams, ...params }.

Route parameters should not be confused with query string parameters, which are automatically parsed out from the url and added to the params object before paramsPatcher is evaluated.

🚩 handler is the actual route handler under test (usually imported from pages/api/*). It should be an async function that accepts NextApiRequest and NextApiResponse objects as its two parameters.

🚩 test is a function that returns a promise (or async) where test assertions can be run. This function receives one parameter: fetch, which is a simple unfetch instance (note that the url parameter, i.e. the first parameter in fetch(...), is omitted). Use this to send HTTP requests to the handler under test.

Real-World Examples

Testing Next.js's Official Apollo Example @ pages/api/graphql

You can easily run this example yourself by copying and pasting the following commands into your terminal.

The following should be run in a nix-like environment. On Windows, that's WSL. Requires curl, node, and git.

git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/vercel/next.js /tmp/ntarh-test
cd /tmp/ntarh-test/examples/api-routes-apollo-server-and-client
npm install
npm install next-test-api-route-handler jest babel-jest @babel/core @babel/preset-env graphql-tools
# You could test with an older version of Next.js if you want, e.g.:
# npm install next@9.0.6 --force
# Or even older:
# npm install next@9.0.0 next-server --force
echo 'module.exports={"presets":["next/babel"]};' > babel.config.js
mkdir test
curl -o test/my.test.js https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Xunnamius/next-test-api-route-handler/main/apollo_test_raw
npx jest

The above script will clone the Next.js repository, install NTARH and configure dependencies, download the following script, and run it with jest.

Note that passing the route configuration object (imported below as config) through to NTARH and setting request.url to the proper value is crucial when testing Apollo endpoints!

/* File: examples/api-routes-apollo-server-and-client/tests/my.test.js */

import { testApiHandler } from 'next-test-api-route-handler';
// Import the handler under test from the pages/api directory
import handler, { config } from '../pages/api/graphql';
// Respect the Next.js config object if it's exported
handler.config = config;

describe('my-test', () => {
  it('does what I want 1', async () => {
    expect.hasAssertions();

    await testApiHandler({
      handler,
      url: '/api/graphql', // Set the request url to the path graphql expects
      test: async ({ fetch }) => {
        const query = `query ViewerQuery {
          viewer {
            id
            name
            status
          }
        }`;

        const res = await fetch({
          method: 'POST',
          headers: {
            'content-type': 'application/json' // Must use correct content type
          },
          body: JSON.stringify({
            query
          })
        });

        expect(await res.json()).toStrictEqual({
          data: { viewer: { id: '1', name: 'John Smith', status: 'cached' } }
        });
      }
    });
  });

  it('does what I want 2', async () => {
    // Exactly the same as the above...
  });

  it('does what I want 3', async () => {
    // Exactly the same as the above...
  });
});

Testing an Unreliable API Handler @ pages/api/unreliable

Suppose we have an API endpoint we use to test our application's error handling. The endpoint responds with status code HTTP 200 for every request except the 10th, where status code HTTP 555 is returned instead.

How might we test that this endpoint responds with HTTP 555 once for every nine HTTP 200 responses?

/* File: test/unit.test.ts */

// Import the handler under test from the pages/api directory
import endpoint, { config } from '../pages/api/unreliable';
import { testApiHandler } from 'next-test-api-route-handler';

import type { PageConfig } from 'next';

const expectedReqPerError = 10;

// Respect the Next.js config object if it's exported
const handler: typeof endpoint & { config?: PageConfig } = endpoint;
handler.config = config;

it('injects contrived errors at the required rate', async () => {
  expect.hasAssertions();

  // Signal to the endpoint (which is configurable) that there should be 1
  // error among every 10 requests
  process.env.REQUESTS_PER_CONTRIVED_ERROR = expectedReqPerError.toString();

  await testApiHandler({
    handler,
    test: async ({ fetch }) => {
      // Run 20 requests with REQUESTS_PER_CONTRIVED_ERROR = '10' and
      // record the results
      const results1 = await Promise.all(
        [
          ...Array.from({ length: expectedReqPerError - 1 }).map(() =>
            fetch({ method: 'GET' })
          ),
          fetch({ method: 'POST' }),
          ...Array.from({ length: expectedReqPerError - 1 }).map(() =>
            fetch({ method: 'PUT' })
          ),
          fetch({ method: 'DELETE' })
        ].map((p) => p.then((r) => r.status))
      );

      process.env.REQUESTS_PER_CONTRIVED_ERROR = '0';

      // Run 10 requests with REQUESTS_PER_CONTRIVED_ERROR = '0' and record the
      // results
      const results2 = await Promise.all(
        Array.from({ length: expectedReqPerError }).map(() =>
          fetch().then((r) => r.status)
        )
      );

      // We expect results1 to be an array with eighteen `200`s and two
      // `555`s in any order
      //
      // https://github.com/jest-community/jest-extended#toincludesamemembersmembers
      // because responses could be received out of order
      expect(results1).toIncludeSameMembers([
        ...Array.from({ length: expectedReqPerError - 1 }).map(() => 200),
        555,
        ...Array.from({ length: expectedReqPerError - 1 }).map(() => 200),
        555
      ]);

      // We expect results2 to be an array with ten `200`s
      expect(results2).toStrictEqual([
        ...Array.from({ length: expectedReqPerError }).map(() => 200)
      ]);
    }
  });
});

Testing a Flight Search API Handler @ pages/api/v3/flights/search

Suppose we have an authenticated API endpoint our application uses to search for flights. The endpoint responds with an array of flights satisfying the query.

How might we test that this endpoint returns flights in our database as expected?

/* File: test/unit.test.ts */

import endpoint, { config } from '../pages/api/v3/flights/search';
import { testApiHandler } from 'next-test-api-route-handler';
import { DUMMY_API_KEY as KEY, getFlightData, RESULT_SIZE } from '../backend';

import type { PageConfig } from 'next';

// Respect the Next.js config object if it's exported
const handler: typeof endpoint & { config?: PageConfig } = endpoint;
handler.config = config;

it('returns expected public flights with respect to match', async () => {
  expect.hasAssertions();

  // Get the flight data currently in the test database
  const expectedFlights = getFlightData();

  // Take any JSON object and stringify it into a URL-ready string
  const encode = (o: Record<string, unknown>) =>
    encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(o));

  // This function will return in order the URIs we're interested in testing
  // against our handler. Query strings are parsed by NTARH automatically.
  //
  // DO NOTE: setting the request url manually using encode(), while valid, is
  // unnecessary here; we could have used `params` or `paramPatcher` to do this
  // more easily without explicitly setting a dummy request url.
  //
  // Example URI for `https://site.io/path?param=yes` would be `/path?param=yes`
  const genUrl = (function* () {
    // For example, the first should match all the flights from Spirit airlines!
    yield `/?match=${encode({ airline: 'Spirit' })}`;
    yield `/?match=${encode({ type: 'departure' })}`;
    yield `/?match=${encode({ landingAt: 'F1A' })}`;
    yield `/?match=${encode({ seatPrice: 500 })}`;
    yield `/?match=${encode({ seatPrice: { $gt: 500 } })}`;
    yield `/?match=${encode({ seatPrice: { $gte: 500 } })}`;
    yield `/?match=${encode({ seatPrice: { $lt: 500 } })}`;
    yield `/?match=${encode({ seatPrice: { $lte: 500 } })}`;
  })();

  await testApiHandler({
    // Patch the request object to include our dummy URI
    requestPatcher: (req) => {
      req.url = genUrl.next().value || undefined;
      // Could have done this instead of `fetch({ headers: { KEY }})` below:
      // req.headers = { KEY };
    },

    handler,

    test: async ({ fetch }) => {
      // 8 URLS from genUrl means 8 calls to fetch:
      const responses = await Promise.all(
        Array.from({ length: 8 }).map(() =>
          fetch({ headers: { KEY } }).then(async (r) => [
            r.status,
            await r.json()
          ])
        )
      );

      // We expect all of the responses to be 200
      expect(responses.some(([status]) => status != 200)).toBe(false);

      // We expect the array of flights returned to match our
      // expectations given we already know what dummy data will be
      // returned:

      // https://github.com/jest-community/jest-extended#toincludesamemembersmembers
      // because responses could be received out of order
      expect(responses.map(([, r]) => r.flights)).toIncludeSameMembers([
        expectedFlights
          .filter((f) => f.airline == 'Spirit')
          .slice(0, RESULT_SIZE),
        expectedFlights
          .filter((f) => f.type == 'departure')
          .slice(0, RESULT_SIZE),
        expectedFlights
          .filter((f) => f.landingAt == 'F1A')
          .slice(0, RESULT_SIZE),
        expectedFlights.filter((f) => f.seatPrice == 500).slice(0, RESULT_SIZE),
        expectedFlights.filter((f) => f.seatPrice > 500).slice(0, RESULT_SIZE),
        expectedFlights.filter((f) => f.seatPrice >= 500).slice(0, RESULT_SIZE),
        expectedFlights.filter((f) => f.seatPrice < 500).slice(0, RESULT_SIZE),
        expectedFlights.filter((f) => f.seatPrice <= 500).slice(0, RESULT_SIZE)
      ]);
    }
  });

  // We expect these two to fail with 400 errors

  await testApiHandler({
    handler,
    url: `/?match=${encode({ ffms: { $eq: 500 } })}`,
    test: async ({ fetch }) =>
      expect((await fetch({ headers: { KEY } })).status).toBe(400)
  });

  await testApiHandler({
    handler,
    url: `/?match=${encode({ bad: 500 })}`,
    test: async ({ fetch }) =>
      expect((await fetch({ headers: { KEY } })).status).toBe(400)
  });
});

Check out the tests for more examples.

Documentation

Further documentation can be found under docs/.

License

FOSSA analysis

Contributing and Support

New issues and pull requests are always welcome and greatly appreciated! 🤩 Just as well, you can star 🌟 this project to let me know you found it useful! ✊🏿 Thank you!

See CONTRIBUTING.md and SUPPORT.md for more information.